![]() In a similar manner, imagine new SNP C forms in William. John will pass SNP B to his sons, thus both George and David will carry SNP A from Thomas and SNP B from John. Now imagine new SNP B forms in John at his conception. ![]() All of Thomas’ direct male descendants will carry SNP A (forever). Thomas will pass SNP A to each of his sons who will in turn, pass it to each of their sons. The figure shows a family progenitor, Thomas, with two sons, John and William. To illustrate this process, consider the family tree shown in Figure 1. The change is propagated forward in all the subsequent descendants. They occur randomly but unlike the STR changes, there are no back mutations. There is no negative connotation implied by the word mutation. By carefully examining the sequence of the nucleic acids at about fifty million locations along the chain we can detect changes (mutations) from the baseline signatures. It looks at SNPs – Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms – pronounced “snips.” These are the more fundamental building blocks of DNA, the particular nucleic acid at a given location on the DNA molecule. Boonies have ten repeats at this location while Billies have eleven, at least for the testers with known lineages to the American immigrants and their English cousins.īig Y testing is an entirely different test. Further, one particular marker, called DYS-460, appears to be a very good indicator of Boonies vs. That doesn’t tell us who the common ancestor is but confirms there was one. That said, traditional Y-DNA STR testing has definitively connected the Billie and Boonie lines – the Y-DNA signatures are very, very close to each other. But because the mutations occur randomly and can increase or decrease the number of repeats, in practice we cannot make definitive comparisons with STR data – only rough approximations. In theory, very closely related men will have a small GD while more distantly related men will have a larger GD. We compare the counts at each marker location and add up the difference. They are not very good at telling us the closeness of the relationship. STR tests like ’s Y-37 or Y-111 test are very good at telling us if two men are closely-related or not. We compare the counts for a new tester with all the other men in the database, looking for men who have very similar results. ![]() Changes in the counts at these locations occur randomly over the generations. For example, an observed pattern of …TGACGAGCACGACGGA… along the DNA strand at a particular location reveals four repeats of ACG as in …TG-ACG-ACG-ACG-ACG-GA… The test result for that particular location would be “4.” The basic Y-DNA test looks at 37 locations, also called markers. We look at specific locations and count the number of repeated sequences of base-pairs of nucleic acids along the molecular chain. They can be thought of as getting ten copies of your document when you asked for nine (or eleven). These are recurring patterns in the DNA chain that are essentially copying errors. Traditional Y-DNA testing looks at STRs – Short Tandem Repeats. 1720 Penn., married Daniel Boone’s sister Sarah. Puritan William descendants have been coined “Billies” and Quaker Wilcockson descendants have been coined “Boonies” because John Wilcockson, b. This article provides a discussion of our initial efforts in Big Y DNA testing of Puritan William Wilcockson descendants (1600s Connecticut) and the Quaker Wilcockson descendants (1700s Pennsylvania to North Carolina, as well as 1700s England) to date, and outlines plans for future testing. We are just starting to push this research to the next level by moving from traditional Y-DNA testing into state-of-art Big Y testing. Y-DNA has been used to support hypothesis testing in the two distinct but related Wilcockson lines from Biggin by Hulland, Derbyshire, England, for several years and has contributed to some important breakthroughs. ![]() Further, the relatively slow rate of change of the signature allows us to discover connections between various lines hundreds of years in the past. Y-DNA does not suffer from generational loss like autosomal DNA does. Most of the difficulties in tracing these lines back are well beyond the effective range of autosomal DNA testing. Y-DNA has an important evidentiary role in researching early Wilcox/Wilcockson lines. Y-DNA testing looks at the DNA signature of the direct male line, DNA passed from father to son to son. Wilcox/Wilcockson Big Y Testing: Billies and Boonies ![]()
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